Ecco la seconda parte. La risposta di Wray è qui http://www.economonitor.com/lrwray/2012/08/29/minsky-and-mmt-in-the-news/. Utile perché contrappone due scuole: Kaldor-Thirlwall per i quali il vincolo della bilancia dei pagamenti è l'ostacolo principale alla crescita, l'altra (l'MMT) secondo cui con una moneta sovrana, oplà, il problema scompare.
A reply to Wray - Part 2
A reply to Wray - Part 2
“The EMU
could easily have self-destructed even with no current account deficits
anywhere.” (Wray here)
“Trade issues within the eurozone …will remain a point
of economic and political stress even with a full resolution of the liquidity
issues…” (Warren Mosler)
In the
part 1 I reviewed the MMT
view that full monetary sovereignty is the key to full employment policies in
all countries, provided that those
with current account (CA) troubles have safe access to alternative sources of
foreign liquidity - what is not the case in reality. I also examined the MMT’s claim
that the Eurozone (EZ) cannot suffer from internal balance of payment (BoP)
troubles as long as fiscal transfers from a significant federal budget backed
by a genuine European CB are provided - what again is not the case in reality. In
this post we shall return on Wray’s denial of the BoP origin of the EZ crisis.
I agree with Wray, Bell-Kelton and other MMTs that in a currency union local
states are partially deprived of fiscal policy as a tool to sustain aggregate
demand[1] (without forgetting that this power is anyway in
many countries subject to the foreign constraint even with full monetary
sovereignty), while the institutional design of the EMU is not able to assure
full employment and the preservation of the traditional European welfare state
in a non-OCA. As Godley
1991 pointed
out:
“The fact that individual countries no longer have their own currencies
and central banks will put new constraints on their ability to run independent
fiscal policies. However, the collective formulation of fiscal policy would be
a far more difficult business than passive ‘coordination’. Fiscal policies of
the whole Community could be co-ordinated and expansionary: but they could also
be co-ordinated and contractionary. How is the common formulation of fiscal policy
to be achieved? By what institutions and according to what principles?”
But Godley found even
“more disturbing … the notion that with a common
currency the ‘balance or payments problem’ is eliminated and therefore that
individual countries are relieved of the need to pay for their imports with
exports. Quite the reverse: the existence or a common currency makes a country
more directly dependent on its ability to sell exports and import substitutes
than it was before, particularly as it will then possess no means whereby it
can (in the broadest sense) protect itself against failure” (hat tip to Ramanan).
Indeed, the crisis did not stem from an undisciplined fiscal
behaviour of some peripheral countries –
they knew very well that “markets” would have punished them (the EMU was
designed for this purpose) – but from the loss of competitiveness of some
member countries, as Godley feared, and from some additional events brought
about by monetary unification that nobody (with one
exception) foresaw.